Facebook Privacy And The Privacy Essay - 1835 Words

Facebook Privacy As technology advances in social media websites such as Facebook (Facebook.com) have grown and become a platform for over 1.7 billion users around the world. Facebook may be used for many individuals to display their life on the internet and connect with others. Facebook being a part of many people s life opens a controversial topic about how some employers during job interviews will ask for a prospective employee s Facebook username and password. Many Facebook users may find this to be an invasion of privacy, but companies may find this to be a way of protecting the company s reputation. Employers should not be allowed to ask for prospective employees Facebook passwords because under the Fourth and First Amendment the employer s rights may be violated. During job interviews many Facebook users may be opposed to employers asking for their Facebook and passwords because it is an invasion of privacy. Americans are protected under the Fourth Amendment, which does n ot allow unreasonable search and seizure without a warrant. Under the Fourth Amendment employers should not be able to ask for passwords because without a warrant they may be violating the Fourth amendment. On November 15, 2016 at Sill Hall 10 classmates in class Aviation Maintenance were surveyed and asked if they would give their employers their Facebook username and password during an interview. Seven out of 10 of the participants said no, they would not give out their username andShow MoreRelatedFacebook Privacy And The Privacy Essay1869 Words   |  8 Pages Facebook Privacy As technology advances, social media websites such as Facebook have grown and become a platform for over 1.7 billion users around the world. Facebook may be used for many individuals to display their life on the internet through pictures and word statuses to connect with others. Being a part of many people s lives, Facebook opens a controversial topic about how some employers during job interviews will ask for a prospective employee s Facebook username and password. Many FacebookRead MorePrivacy Issues on Facebook1149 Words   |  5 PagesCompanies going digital have a variety of issues to contend with. These include but they are not limited to security, privacy and copyright/patent issues. This text concerns itself with one of the most serious challenges such companies face i.e. privacy issues. In seeking to address the issue of privacy comprehensively, this text will largely limit itself to Facebook. Privacy Issues on Facebook Over time, various technological innovations have presented both challenges and opportunities for organizations/companiesRead MoreFacebook s Privacy Policy At Facebook1838 Words   |  8 Pagesconcluded with the following after close examination of Facebook’s privacy policy. 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A major goal of the Privacy Rule is to assure that individuals health information is properly protected while allowing the flow of health information neededRead MorePersonal Statement On Facebook And Privacy2100 Words   |  9 Pages Facebook and Privacy Harsh Patel IT 103 Section 010 October 1st, 2014 By placing this statement on my webpage, I certify that I have read and understand the GMU Honor Code on http://oai.gmu.edu/the-mason-honor-code/. I am fully aware of the following sections of the Honor Code: Understanding the Honor Code, Understanding the Consequences. In addition, I have received permission from the copyright holder for any copyrighted material that is displayed on my site. This includes quoting extensiveRead MoreResearch Paper on Facebook Diminishing Privacy1087 Words   |  5 PagesPrivacy is often defined as freedom from the observation, intrusion, or attention of others. If that was taken away from daily life the world would become a collection of omniscient beings that walk around with potentially harmful information about those surrounding them. Stalking would be unnecessary because the internet would do all for the work for us. Social networking sites are creating many such concerns. One of the most widely known social networking sites is Facebook. When rev iewing Facebook’sRead MorePrivacy And Security : Facebook And Snap Chat1692 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy and Security in Facebook and Snap chat The uprising of Web 2.0 has contributed to a significant rise in the number of technologies designed to enable the dissemination of user-generated content. SnapChat, Facebook, any number of blogging tools—can be referred to under a number of different labels, but the generally accepted term is â€Å"social media†. While in 2016 they are anything but new, social media continues to gain prominence to the point where they are a somewhat ubiquitous presenceRead MorePrivacy and Security Issues on Facebook Essay2058 Words   |  9 PagesExecutive Summary Problem Statement: In this white paper we will address how privacy and security can be improved on Facebook. Important Points:  · Background of Facebook  · Privacy Problems with Facebook  · Possible Security and Privacy Solutions  · Summary  · Works Cited Background of Facebook Facebook allows people to connect with friends across the seas with different cultures. Originally, Facebook was started in 2003 by a man named Mark Zuckerburg in his college dorm room at Harvard UniversityRead MoreHow Facebook Marketing Is Violating Consumer Privacy Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesHow Facebook Marketing is Violating Consumer Privacy The marketing industry is an elaborate network that links companies to their consumers, primarily through written communication. The main objective of marketing is to identify trends and patterns in consumer behavior, and utilize the data to influence consumers to purchase more goods. From a macroenviroment standpoint, the general conditions of a market are heavily dependent on global environmental factors. The most significant factor that influencesRead MoreUser Awareness Regarding Privacy Settings in Social Media Sites - Facebook/ Orkut3505 Words   |  15 PagesABSTRACT Privacy of information has turned out to be a paradoxical issue in the information age(Barnes, 2006). One of the prime driving forces to this has been the rise of social networking sites. It is observed that these sites gather considerable amount of information about their users (Baruh, 2007). Research illustrates that social networking users are unaware of their personal information being compromised on both traditional and online commercial marketplace within different companies without

Review of Home security Systems Free Essays

Chapter 1 Introduction Security is one of the major issue in the present universe. Robbery, offense and larceny are the chief important causes that make security as an issue. Smart security system includes easiness of monitoring and observing the presence of the human utilizing different type of detectors like IR, PIR detector etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Home security Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Earlier security systems were personally monitored by security guards. Scope of this type of system was reduced due to unprofessional security guards. Therefore to get the better of this, many research workers have been done in the country of the place security to run into occupant’s convenience and safety. Conventional security systems were introduced which used cameras, burglar dismay. Main drawback of this system was the big power ingestion by cameras as they continuously enter the events traveling around it [ 1 ] . This system was costlier. To supply excess bed of security and to get the better of the disadvantage of conventional security system, machine-controlled security systems were introduced. Many researches have been done in the field of development and execution of automated security system. Automated security system uses different types of detector to observe the human presence and gesture. IR and PIR detectors are the most widely used detectors. Advantage of this system was low cost and easiness of observing the interloper presence. Home security system becomes as an of import thing, specially when we are populating in a topographic point where there is a possibility of high-crime rate. It is better to hold good security system alternatively of seting our lives into a hazard. Three chief constituents that are to be considered in put ining a place security system are detector, dismay and control unit. Sensor is the constituent that monitor the country continuously. Once it detects any motion, it will do the dismay to trip. Control unit helps the dismay to do sound so that if there is an invasion activity takes topographic point it could be identified. Home security system can be operated to run on electrical system or on batteries.Installing an battery operated place security system is easy but are less effectual compared to those system that run on electricity. Less functionality can be seen in battery operated system. There are many different types of dismay system. For smaller places self contained place security systems are easy to put in but for big houses or office infinite, place security system holding separate constituents leads to efficient security system compared to self contained place security system. 1.1 Problem Designation Main and of import consideration in the bing modern places is the security system. Earlier the place security systems were expensive and were really difficult to supervise. In order to get the better of the drawbacks of the earlier conventional security systems and to carry through the security concerns of the house proprietors, an efficient and cost effectual security systems were introduced. One of the chief job in the bing security system is the architecture and execution cost. Hence this undertaking aims at security system for places that introduces three different degrees of security and an notification signal via short directing message ( SMS ) will be achieved if any instance of security breach. 1.2Why do we Need Home Security System? Now-a-days with the emerging tendencies in the universe, condemnable activities like larceny, robbery has besides been increased. Homes without security systems will be the chief marks for the stealers. Homes equipped with the well developed security system will hold less opportunity of being robbed. Security system enables our place to be safe at any clip. As security system uses different constituents, these constituents will be monitored by the several security centre. Hence there will be decrease in the offense rates.Home security system is needed to forestall burglaries and place invasions. Installing a security system in places provides a piece of head that our household is under protection. Alarm systems will assist to hedge the place invasions. It is non possible to supervise the place continuously by manual hence this sytem will gives added protection when the place proprietors are off. security system will besides assist in protecting the place from fire. Early sensing of t he state of affairss by the monitoring station will assist in cut downing the harm to the home.Security is needed because of the undermentioned grounds To protect the place and household from interlopers. To protect place from fires. To protect valuable things from being stolen. Provides medical aid if in instance of any exigency. Secured signifier of proctor can be achieved through radio signalling device. 1.3 Types There are many different types of security system. Security systems are classified into two major classs viz. conventional and automated security system. Another categorization includes monitored and unmonitored security system. 1.3.1 Monitored security system: This is one of the most normally used security system. In this type of security system centre, place will be straight connected to security centre and this centre will supervise the position of the place continuously. Security centre will be active merely when any one of the constituents or supervising devices in the place are triggered. System includes dismay system that alerts call centre and near by constabulary station. In many of the systems, watchful causes the security centre to do an automatic phone call, text message, e-mail etc to the house proprietor or to the close by help-line centre for the immediate deliverance. Benefits System includes 24/7 monitoring that ensures that the place is under changeless monitoring. Video surveillance system can besides be included to increase the security of the place. Video survelliance system is most effectual in monitoring and observing the interlopers, belongings tresspassers. As cameras are used in this type of system, it can besides be used as an grounds against an interloper. 1.3.1.2 Types of monitoring Monitored place security system uses three different type of supervising methods they are ( a ) Monitoring utilizing land line: This is specially designed for families that have landline. Because of the ground that the security system control panel is connected to phone line, land line is used as monitoring device. ( B ) Internet/wireless monitoring: This system is used in places that don’t have landline. System makes usage of cyberspace or broadband connexion to direct watchful signal to security centre via short directing message or electronic mail. ( degree Celsius ) Two-way voice monitoring: This is one of the particular type of monitoring device that is used in supervising type of security system. One of the particular characteristic of this system is that it allows the individual inside the place to straight pass on with the individual in the security centre in instance of any exigency for immediate deliverance. 1.3.2 Unmonitored security system This is the another categorization of place security system which sets off a Siren inside and outside the place. Compared to monitored place security system, this system will be cheaper as it does non include more constituents for monitoring. Unmonitored security systems can besides utilize brassy visible radiations. If there is any invasion activity taking topographic point in the place, so automatically these brassy visible radiations will glow. Due to that high strength light breathing from the peculiar topographic point, the neighbors can come to cognize that there is any exigency. Benefits No monitoring fees. As loud Siren will be used this will deflect and scares the intruder/burglars. Cheaper as less monitoring constituents are used. Disadvantage If the neighbor does non hear the Sirens so they can’t describe it to the close by constabulary station. 1.4Overview of the proposed system img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1891301.002.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1891301.001.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1891301.004.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1891301.003.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1891301.005.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1891301.007.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1891301.006.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1891301.006.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1891301.008.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1891301.009.png" Figure 1.4 Overview of the Proposed System Overview of the proposed smart security system for places is as shown in figure above. The undertaking is aimed at developing a smart security system for places. Undertaking has been planned to include three-tier security system. Three different degrees of security is used in this undertaking. Security system is designed and developed to supervise the place utilizing different type of detectors. Proposed system uses detectors like Finger-print detector, IR detector, PIR detector at different degrees and besides makes usage of Image treating tool in face acknowledgment procedure. At the first degree of security, finger-print detector is used for hallmark to let the individual into the place. When the person/intruder comes to the door, his/her finger print will be checked. If the finger print lucifers so the individual will be allowed to come in into the following degree of security procedure. At the 2nd degree of security, entry of the individual into the place will be detected utilizing IR detector. This detector will feel certain features of the milieus by either breathing or observing the infrared radiation that emits from the human organic structure. Hence the human presence will be detected at this phase. PIR detector is an gesture detection detector that detects the human gesture utilizing infrared radiation breathing from the human organic structure. As a individual passes in forepart of the detector, temperature at that point which is under detectors field of observation will alter. This alteration in temperature detects the human gesture. Finally at the 3rd degree, image of the individual will be captured. Here some images of the individuals belonging to the place will be pre-stored. Then the captured image is compared is compared with the pre-stored database, if the databases does non fit so an watchful signal will be generated. Alert signal includes doorbell and GSM engineering. If the image does non fit so at that clip doorbell will get down beeping and an short sending message will be sent to the authorised figure as an watchful signal utilizing GSM engineering. The full undertaking is designed and developed utilizing constituents like Finger-print detector, IR detector, PIR detector, accountant unit, consecutive port, webcam, doorbell, GSM etc. One of the characteristics of this designed place security system is that an Image processing tool is used in combination with the embedded system to plan three-level smart security system for places. Face acknowledgment is used as an 3rd degree of security. This method includes the face acknowledgment which is one of the important and of import process in face acknowledgment method. In this undertaking, cross correlativity attack is used. This is one of the basic statistical attack to image regristration. cross correlativity is one of the standard tool for measuring the similarity between two images. Main ground for choosing the cross correlativity attack in this undertaking is due to its advantages. First advantage is that attack is simple to calculate. Second is the calculation of cross correlativity can be achieved utilizing fourier methods. One more advantage is that cross correlativity method is independent of scaling and interlingual renditions in the strength. 1.5 Advantages The advantages of place security system are: Detects offenses, protects ownerships from larcenies. As the system includes three different degrees of security, there will be less opportunity of being theft as dismay sound will be generated that alerts the neighbors. There will be increase in the place resale value during sale in the market. How to cite Review of Home security Systems, Essay examples

Commercial Law of Australia

Question: Discuss about the Commercial Law of Australia. Answer: Introduction The major issue of the case is unclear terms and conditions of the contract, only the specific time and the amount are described. Along with it, demand in the contract price is another mentionable problem. Legal consideration A contract has made between Marine Construction limited and Western Australia University, according to which the construction work should be completed by 1st March 2016. Issue aroused when the construction of the building was not completed by 1st March 2016. In this case breach of contract took place by extending the date. The price of the construction was $2,500,000 ($2.5 million) still the labours of the construction site were taking extra time to complete the work. As conflict aroused here, so the Director of the university gave offer that they will give $500,000 extra, so that more labour is hired who can work day and night to complete the work by 1st March 2016. MCU accepted the offer. Here, the MCU is totally liable for the damage of the university because they did not follow the rules of the Contract act. As per Australian contract law, there are five categories: formation, scope of content, avoidance, performance and termination, remedies. In the primitive of contract, a term was binding that, the construction should be made by the mentioned date but misleading took place here because the MCU constructer has mislead the director of the university and made that stage that the university had to increase more money for delivery of the work in time. The contract is breached and unfair terms took place. So in this case, the director of the university can sue MCU for misleading and breaching the contract. The university director can also cancel the agreement or order in this case. In the context of the second contract it can be observed that in the first contract it was mentioned that it was mentioned that the work will be completed within the period of 1st March 2016. Later issues aroused with the date of completion of the agreement. In order to complete the assigned work within assigned time MCU demanded for the increase in the contract price. Hence on the basis of the past consideration the second agreement was based. The fact that past consideration is legally insufficient is major issue of the second contract. Thus both the parties involved in the contract may not be legally bound to perform the duties. Another major issue of the provided scenario is the fact that the second contract took place under economic duress. In this context, A Little Company Limited v Gregory Raymond Peters [2007] NSWSC 833 (3 August 2007) can be mentioned where Peters had to enter the contract due to economic duress as a result of which the defendant was penalized and had to pay the amount for breaching the agreement . Due to pressure imposed on the university that without the extra payment the work will not be able to be completed within the provided time by MCU the university had to enter the contract reflecting upon the presence of economic duress. As mentioned that the second contract took place under past consideration which may make the contract legally insufficient, and legally unenforceable. Application of remedy The university should use this acts and give a legal warning to the MCU Company that if the order is not delivered in time then they can sue the company and the Australian courts can cancel the license of the company for breaching the contract and for misleading the customers by not supplying the order delivery in time. As per sec 19(2) c the supplier (MCU constructor) is liable for the economic loss of the Western University. As the contract is breached, so the university can make remedy by damages and liquidated claim. The university can claim punitive damage from MCU because they are in trouble as the construction of the building was not completed in the specific time and the students were suppose to come in that day. Another clause occurs when the university decided to give extra money to the company, so that order is delivered in time. In this case the university is running financial loss, misleading conduct and for that reason the university can ask Liquidated damage by asking compensation from the company. The last remedy falls under law of equity that is remedy of equity. Through that the breaching party has to follow the order of the court and abide by the injunctions made by Australian court. These are the remedies which the university should use and take legal help, so that they recover the order delivery from MCU as soon as possible. In reference to the second contract, under Australian Contract Law if it is observed that the imposed pressure was illegitimate, it may result in the breach of the agreement. If it is observed that the unjust enrichment is, occurring the university can rescind the agreement with MCU considering the contract as void. As a result of breach of the agreement the university is limited to ask for damages for the breach of the agreement that is subjected to a liability cap. Moreover with the help of the doctrine of estoppel , MCU can prevent in asserting that there is no contract (as past consideration was present in it) and thus in turn help in receiving legal remedies. The legal remedies for the breach of the agreement would include monetary payment of the damages on the part of the damages and loss of the university on the part of the MCU, completing the obligation of the part of the MCU and preventing it from breaching it. Other than that with the help of subsequent agreement, on the ba sis of satisfaction and accord agreement the university can terminate the contract as MCU did differ from its actual responsibilities. Conclusion The contract is signed by the supplier but they did not deliver the order in time. Misleading act and misrepresentation acts takes place in this case because the supplier misleads the customer and for that reasons the customer (University) can claim the remedies described above or can cancel the order. The supplier is liable in this case for punitive and financial damage of the customer, so in this case he has to follow the rules of the remedy of equity and oblige or accept the orders which will be given by court in favour of the customer in perspective of consumer protection act. Introduction The major issue of the provided scenario is faulty audit on the part of TJC. Secondly, $65 million fraud was done by the Chief financial officer in the company is also another mentionable issue. Legal Consideration The civil liability case is Perre v Apand (1999) HCA 36 needs to be discussed here. In this case contract was made between the plaintiff (Perre) and defendant (Apand). A contract was made that the plaintiff will sell potatoes in WA but the defendant supplied bad potatoes which are infectious as the potatoes grown in an infected land. So the plaintiff was not allowed to sell the potatoes as per WA regulation. Here, he was the victim of pure economic loss. So in this case he has sued the defendant under civil liability act of section 34 for getting financial compensation from as per rules of Australian civil law and commercial law. The Sydney based firm TJC gave an offer that they will make a contract with some potential clients for 4 year and in the first month they will not take any fees from any of the client and do audit to their business. This was an invitation of treat and this offer was accepted by a company known as Sunflower Bank Ltd. Because of carelessness or negligence and lack of skills, TJC did wrong audit. This resulted in tort of negligence. In this context, A, DC v Prince Alfred College INC [2015] SASCFC 16 can be mentioned. In the provided scenario it can be noticed that it was the duty of Prince Alfred College to take care of the plaintiff, which was breached by it. As a result of which was held liable under Civil liability Act. The Chief Financial Officer of the company, Miss Ann and her assistant Mr. Claudio did fraud of $65 million, for which the company was running loss but TJC did not do any proper audit to find out and when the audits were submitted to Australian Stock Exchange, the res ult came that all the audits are false. As a result of this tort of conversion can be seen to have been committed. It is mentionable here that, as a result the tort of negligence, tort of conversion can be seen to have been committed. The reason being due to the wrong audit performed by TJC, Chief Financial Officer got the scope to commit the fraud. Hence it would not be wrong to comment that tort of negligence affected tort of conversion. This case falls under Australian Tort Law. The TJC has done civil wrong and is liable to tort because wrong audit is a crime. If the innocent party file case under Tort law, then TJC has to give a large amount of financial compensation to Sunflower Company following the order of the court. The TJC has breached the duty of care under Civil Liability act 2002. TJC Company has established negligence by not doing their duty properly with proper audit. The TJC (defendant) unsettled the plaintiffs (Sunflower bank Ltd) duty of care under Division 2 of Civil Liability act. They had breached the duty of care and allegedly cause damage to the company under Division 3 of civil liability act and for that reason they had to face financial loss. The innocent party or plaintiff can claim under section 5B to the court and as per section 50 of civil liability act, it is mentioned that how to follow the rules of duty of care under Standard of care. The Sunflower Bank Ltd is the victim of financial loss, so they can claim under section 34 of civil liability act. It is necessary for Sunflower that the punishment should be awarded to TJC because they had done offence by breaching the duty of care and doing wrong edit which harmed Sunflower Bank Limited. For example, a civil liability case can be described here, that is Perre v Apand (1999) HCA 36. In this case contract was made between the plaintiff (Perre) and defendant (Apand). A contract was made that the plaintiff will sell potatoes in WA but the defendant supplied bad potatoes which are infectious as the potatoes grown in an infected land. So the plaintiff was not allowed to sell the potatoes as per WA regulation. Here, he was the victim of pure economic loss. So in this case he has sued the defendant under civil liability act of section 34 for getting financial compensation from as per rules of Australian civil law and commercial law. Application of remedy As TJC has breached the duty of care and did careless act by performing civil wrong, so the Sunflower Bank Ltd can claim under section 36 of civil liability act under which the Australian court can ask for compensation and to get rescued from the court and keep good relation with the potential clients and the shareholders, the TJC should pay compensation to fulfil the economic loss of Sunflower bank Limited and follow the civil law rules and use remedy of tort by correcting their own fault. They should try to win the trust of the clients and other shareholders by following the rules of the contract law and performing proper duties and proper audits without negligence. Even they should take professional skilled persons help to audit the business of various companies without doing any mistakes. They should also apologise officially from the Sunflower Bank Limited and request them not to cancel the contract with them with assurance that they will provide quality work in future. This can help Tom, Jane Co. to save their potential clients for future. It is also mentionable here that in case of tort of conversion as seen to have been committed in the provided case the plaintiff can recover the propertys complete value from TJC at the date of conversion along with the exemplary damages when the committed breach is revelled. Conclusion In this case problem aroused because the negligence is done by the defendant and the plaintiff suffered economic loss. The defendant falls under tort of negligence and civil liability. The plaintiff can sue the defendant to the court under section 36 of civil liability act or can ask compensation for financial loss and the defendant has to rescue themselves by giving compensation to the plaintiff and for further better relationship with other clients, the defendant has to follow the rules of the civil law of Australia and Australian contract law, so that they are able to save the relation with the clients. Introduction There are three parties, the agent Mr. Will (a Malaysian importer), Fresh Farms and Diary to Go. Mr. Will has implied authority in this case. Principles of Agency law is drawn in this case. A written agreement has been made between the three parties. Certain interpretation is done here with valid enforceable contract. The agency law is related to the relation who helped to for a contract in this case. The legal consideration of the void agreement is described in the case. Here, it needs to be mentioned Fresh farm is an agent and rest parties are the principal. A three year written agency agreement is made and express authority is described here. Legal Consideration The problem aroused in this case when the Fresh farms appointed the agent and expressed authority is not described clearly. The contract took place with Diary to go who was the overseas importer. In Agency law under Australian legislation the agent enjoys two types of authority, that is, Implied authority and Actual authority. When contract takes place in written or oral form between the agent and principal, Actual authority takes place. Here, the agent has to take all the responsibilities and authorities in mutual agreement with implied terms. In case of implied authority, the oral or written agreement does not take place here. Common practice is done by the agent here. The authority is enjoyed by the agent in this case but problem arises when roles of business are established with new company and that results in various conflicts. In this context Abigroup Contractors Pty v Peninsula Balmain Pty Limited (2001) can be referred . A contract was formulated between Peninsula and Abigroup, which was a building contract. Under the contract it was agreed upon by Abigroup to perform constructional activities in relation to the discussion of Peninsula regarding Balmain factory buildings in the units of residential. Peninsula appointed a third party in order to supervise and manage the Project. However a conflict occurred between Abigroup and Peninsula regarding the disclosure on the part of Peninsula that Superintendent was its agent. Moreover, Superintendent (i.e. the agent hired by the principal- Peninsula) by performing the tasks associated with construction and designing of the project violated his authority which was the main reason of dispute. The Supreme Court gave the judgement that the conduct of Peninsula was deceptive and misleading, wherein Abigroup was awarded with sum of six figure in compensation. In the context of the above mentioned case, the non-disclosure on the part of Peninsula regarding appointing Superintendent as an agent and its performance tasks associated with construction and designing of the project resulted in the violation of the authorities and responsibilities, where the principal becomes liable. The estopped concept is also related in this case and in this agreement, the object cannot be included in the agreement made with the agent and in this type of agreement confusion takes place. Same type of case has occurred in the case of Farm fresh. Fresh farm made contract with Diary to go and Mr. Will. If common practice is related in this case, then, the contract will be enforceable by law. In the perspective of that act because of wills lack of authority, the contract was terminated. Application The implied authority or practice is related to this case. Express authority agreements did not occurred in this case. The contract made between Fresh farm, Diary to go and Mr. Will. As 5% commission cannot be entitles, so the term of contract can be proved void and null. When it is found that the contracts are void and null, the Mr. Will cannot be stopped because partial consent took place in this contract. The good faith has to be maintained by the third party in this case. On the third party detrimental change has occurred with apparent authority. There is a six months gap in the contract formation between Fresh Farms and Mr. Will. Here estopped application should be used. The fresh farm cannot work more than the time period mentioned and if they do that then Fresh farms will be found guilty in dealing with the agent. So the Fresh farm has to stop the agreement. The act of Mr. Will was not a common practice and the actions made by him were under the courts consideration. The three parties are legally liable in fulfilling the contracts content. As the 3rd party is harmed, so the court can prove the contract null. Due to negligence of the principal, problem aroused. All the factors stand against Fresh Farms. There are some questions asked in the assignment, whose answers are given below: 1. The contract took place between Diary to go and Fresh farm is valid. But it is necessary that Fresh Farm has to prove that, the act of Mr. Will falls under implied authority and expressed authority. 2. It is not possible for Mr. Will that he will get 5% from the contract if he acts outside implied authority expressed by him, rather than that if such obligation is not binding in the case then he is eligible to get 5% from the contract. The terms of the agreement should be clearly read by Fresh Farm and breach of authority should not be performed by him. If everything is proper than termination of the contract will not take place but if the terms are breached then Wills agency can terminate Fresh farm. Hence in terms of the above discussion, ratifications can be made to contract. It includes terms of the contract that should be clarity of the terms of the contract on part the involved. Other than that, as the terms of the contract was breached as a result of breach of authority under discharge by breach- breach of a term, the contract can be terminated or damages can be demanded by the plaintiff. In such cases rescission of the contract, specific performance of mentioned task in the contract and award of damages are effective remedies. Other than that, in case of Agency Law, a mentionable remedy breach of authority is on the part of the person on behalf of whom a particular act was performed have the authority to ratify it and make the performed act as a valid one. Conclusion The case deals with Agency law where three parties are described. There is one agent and two principals. Different types of legislation of authority are described in that case with examples and classification. The conclusion is drawn that, proper rules and terms of the agreement is needed to be followed and time life should not be crossed and regulations should not be breached otherwise the contract between the parties can be terminated which will create economic loss. This assignment was a great learning experience for me. In the process of completion of the assignment there are numbers of new concepts, laws and remedial process with which I got accustomed. As in learning experience, there are few portions that are easy to understand, here as some of the portions are complex for the learners to comprehend, which was same for me as well. Some of the portions of the assignment I found simple while there are portions which I found difficult to understand. Hence in totality it was an enriching experience with number of complexities and hurdles that contribute to the existing knowledge base. Here I would like to mention the fact that I found dealing with case scenario 3 the most difficult part of the assignment. The reason being the fact, it required me to deal with Agency Law which I found complex. Also, the fact under Australian legislation in Agency law, Implied and Actual authority are the two types of authorities enjoyed by an agent made it compli cated for me to understand, comprehend and implement as per the given scenario. Other than that, the provided cases were easy to understand and made me aware of number of new concepts. While dealing with case study 1, I had to deal with the concept of breach of contract. I also became aware of the fact that under Contract act when the aggrieved party faces loss the responsible party is liable for the damage. This assignment made me aware of the five categories under Australian contract law which are avoidance, scope of content, formation, avoidance, remedies and performance and termination. It order to provide remedy to the aggrieved party, this assignment also taught me that sec 19(2) c of Consumer Protection Act can be referred.While dealing with case 2, the concept of Australian Tort Law became clear to me. The fact that TJC expression was flawed created issue for the given scenario. While dealing with the provided scenario, I was also become informed of the fact that, such cases fall under Civil Liability Act 2002. It further taught me that, in order provide remedy to the plaintiff, section 36 of civil liability act can be referred. While dealing with the third case taught me about Agency law. It educated me about the fact that, under Australian legislation in the Agency Law, two types of authorities are enjoyed by the agent which is Implied and Actual authority. The concept of implied and actual authority further became clear to me in the process of completion of this case. However, in totality for me it was a great learning and enriching experience. My group mates have the similar about the difficulty level of the assignment. Some of them also faced issue with the allotted time to complete the assignment. The prescribed books for the completion of the assignment like Australian Commercial Law were of great help for me as it helped me in having an idea and clearing the concept, theories associated with commercial law. In order to collect information regarding the mentioned cases, I referred to Austlii. This assignment required providing information and reference to number of cases in that aspect Austlii turned out to be of great help along with providing me with the recent and updates information associated with the referred cases. While undergoing online research I came across with Austlii. Cases like Abigroup Contractors Pty v Peninsula Balmain Pty Limited (2001), A Little Company Limited v Gregory Raymond Peters [2007] NSWSC 833 (3 August 2007) were obtained from it, that helped me in the completion of the assignment. Bibliography A Little Company Limited V Gregory Raymond Peters [2007] NSWSC 833 (3 August 2007)(2007) austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2007/833.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=economic%20duress A Maintenance Agency For Australia (Australian Government Pub. Service, 3rd ed, 2004) Australian Corporations Legislation (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2010) Bali, Charles J, Australian Commercial Law In Perspective (Leagle Publications, 2007) Bryan, Michael and Vicki Vann, Equity And Trusts In Australia (Cambridge University Press, 2012) Carter, J. W, Contract Law In Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013) Castle, Michelle, Costs Ramifications of The Civil Liability Act (NSW Young Lawyers, 2002) Cullen, Ian, Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW Young Lawyers, 2002) Dal Pont, G. E, Law Of Agency (Butterworths, 2001) Damages | ALRC (2015) Alrc.gov.au https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/12-remedies-and-costs/damages Fletcher, K. L and K. L Fletcher, The Law Of Partnership In Australia (Lawbook Co, 2007) Greig, D. W, Neil Gunningham and Gordon J Borrie, Commercial Law (Butterworths, 3rd ed, 2008) Law Of Contract (Australian Government Pub. Service, 3rd ed, 2002) Review Of Australia's Consumer Policy Framework (Productivity Commission, 2008) Stewart, Pamela and Anita Stuhmcke, Australian Principles Of Tort Law (The Federation Press, 2012) Supreme Court Of New South Wales - Court Of Appeal (2002) austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/nsw/NSWCA/2002/211.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=title(Abigroup%20Contractors%20Pty%20Limited%20and%20Peninsula%20Balmain%20) Supreme Court Of South Australia - Full Court(2015) austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/sa/SASCFC/2015/161.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=tort%20of%20negligence%20cases003E Turner, Clive and John Trone, Australian Commercial Law 30E (2015) Coop.com.au https://www.coop.com.au/australian-commercial-law-30e/9780455233765

Smoking Essay Example

Smoking Essay Everybody knows that smoking is bad for the health. Smokers are expectedly more at risk to preventable but highly lethal diseases such as cardiovascular disease, lung ailments and cancers. Research in this area is an established field. Studies on the adverse effects of cigarette smoke for the last 30 years are prevalent enough to support the claims of health hazards, and enough to confirm cigarette and tobacco as the cause of slow and costly death of many individuals around the world, especially when smoking is compounded by other unhealthy habits. Recently, however, concerns about the effects of smoking are no longer just limited to the individual smoker because it apparently, smoking has externalities. It causes pollution that makes the person next to the smoker equally at risk, even more exposed to higher levels of harmful chemicals.Both proponents of smoking and non-smoking vehemently cite their rights in the debate on smoking ban. For the smokers, it is their right to do whateve r they want to their bodies with nobody dictating how they should behave. On the other hand, those opposed to public smoking assert that they have the right to live long and to enjoy their surroundings, a right that is being taken away from them when second hand smoke of the mainstream smokers affects them. Other than the questions of health and rights, smoking ban is alleged to also inadvertently affect enterprises and economies.Because of the magnitude and importance of the issue, governments came to intervene. Yet, in addressing the problem, they usually side with the latter. Policies that ban smoking in public places have already taken effect in most locations. The smoking ban policy is controversial. It has varying implications for different individuals. What matters, however, is that the policy must be for the greater good, such that the gains exceed the costs and sacrifices. This paper supports the position that smoking must be banned in public places, including both hospital ity and work locations. This stance is formed out of the personal observations of the writer. Almost every literature implies that second hand smoke ought to be controlled and that there is a need for a comprehensive intervention to protect passive smokers.The Need to Implement Smoking Ban in Public and Work PlacesAccording to the limited information which I have come upon during my observations of people in public places, I have realized that a lot of people, mostly women, hate the smell of cigarette. I am not sure if that is because of the smell that the smoke leaves on their hair or clothes, but it seems when a person lights a cigarette near them, the people close to them move away, as if they have a bad body odor that is so repugnant. Thus, even for this reason alone, smoking must be banned in public places. It seems that a place can be transformed into one big chimney if people start smoking there.Moreover, from my limited knowledge about what I hear doctors say, smoking produc es two kinds of smoke: first, the mainstream smoke which the smokers inhales and exhales, and second, the sidestream smoke which comes from the glowing end of the cigarette. From these smokes come different kinds of chemicals, which are known as carcinogens. A single puff or a single wisp of cigarette smoke contains carcinogens and nicotine that has a harmful effect on one’s health.After learning about these gases and particulates coming from one tiny stick of cigarette, it must be quite plain that cigarette smoking is indeed deadly even to those who only inhale sidestream smokes. I have heard of people who have died because of cancer of the lungs but who never even smoked a single cigarette in their life and I guess that’s because of they may have a loved one who smoked cigarettes near them. It is no surprise that second hand smoke is popularly attributed to preventable diseases and worse, death related to smoking. Therefore, the right of a person to preserve one†™s health, to be protected from harmful environment, and ultimately, to live a long and healthy life supersedes all other so-called rights.The fortunate part is that many states already realized the adverse effects of second hand smoke.   Smoking ban, apart from common knowledge was already existent long before. The church probably saw how the act of consuming tobacco spoils the dignity of the church grounds, thus making it an ungodly offense worthy of excommunication. The smoking ban today is considerably lenient when compared to the two early extremist approaches, such that current policies may take the form of a simple courtesy awareness or a legislative agenda focused on tolerance and courtesy. More and more countries are now becoming aware of the importance of clean air outside one’s home and I support this.The idea behind the prohibition of smoking in public places and work environments is to mitigate second hand smoke-related ailments among individuals and workers. The payoff of a simple policy is immense and extremely noticeable. There will be reduced exposure to airborne pollutants and nicotine.Despite all these positive reports regarding smoking bans in public and work areas and despite the apparently pure intention of the policy, which is to protect the individuals and workers from the ill-effects of second hand smoke, some localities have not yet considered a total smoking ban in public and work areas due to the negative connotation attached to total bans. I know there are resistances among members of the business group, especially those who operate establishments such as restaurants, clubs and casinos where smokers used to flock. The ban will force this group of clients to search for other venues where they could smoke. In such case, the smoking ban is feared to lead to a loss of clientele.Nevertheless, the health of the public must serve as the topmost motivation for concerned agencies to implement a smoking ban in public places. Nonsm okers are hapless victims of cigarette smoke, since they absorb more chemical constituents against their wish. I guess the only way to effectively protect nonsmokers from second hand smoke is to implement a comprehensive smoking ban in public places and workplaces. The health and well-being of the majority is enough justification to inhibit the right of some to smoke whenever and wherever they like. In fact, the concerns of the nonsmokers take precedence over the needs of the smokers because they constitute the society distressed by the â€Å"victimless crime† of smoking. Claims that smoking bans in public places result to business losses have been refuted also. Business owners generally report optimism, the ban having no effect on their businesses. In other places too, the smoking ban provides more incentive for health and environment-conscious persons to patronize an establishment where they can enjoy smoke-free engagements. Therefore, almost all facts point that legislativ e action on smoking in public provides more benefits and incentives to more people. Despite a number of criticisms, the smoking ban is for the overall welfare of public that recognizes every people’s right to a clean, healthy, and fair environment.

Yeltsins Critical Inactivity †Government (300 Level Course)

Yeltsins Critical Inactivity – Government (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Yeltsin’s Critical Inactivity Government (300 Level Course) Boris Yeltsin took the office of the Russian presidency in 1991 under a black cloud, following a failed coup against then president Gorbachev. Yeltsin’s presidency has become synonymous with failure and by the question of â€Å"what went wrong?† This question of what has gone wrong during the Yeltsin era is an almost bottomless topic. Yeltsin struggled through his first term from the attempted coup in 1991 to the foolish decision to invade Chechnya in 1994. Still all of these troubles can be contributed to the critical time period immediately following Yeltsin’s coming to power. This time period can be analyzed in three ways. First, in the actions that Yeltsin took. Second, in the actions that Yeltsin did not take. Thirdly, by what steps that Yeltsin should have made. These three things point to a final conclusion. Boris Yeltsin as the new Russian president should have moved quickly to schedule new elections and the adoption of a new constitution. Boris Yeltsin came to power during a tumultuous time in Russian history. In hindsight, the table was set for immense change and he was the only man to do it. He had the popular support of a people that were otherwise up in arms. Yet when studying the events of ten years ago in today’s classroom, little attention is paid to this important question of â€Å"what steps did Yeltsin take?† Why is such little attention paid to this question? Because Yeltsin did next to nothing to create change. In his own memoirs, Boris Yeltsin says, â€Å"the idea of dissolving the Congress and scheduling new elections was in the air, although we did not take advantage of it.† Years later he himself admits to his inaction at such a critical time. At a time when Russia was as vulnerable as they have ever been, their new president chose an attack on an economic front, leaving the reorganization of the government to compromises and political games. This is an evident failure on the part of Boris Yeltsin. So just what did the newly elected president of Russia do at this time? Yeltsin attempted to impose central control on the far-flung territories of the new Russian Federation. However, in this endeavor he was entirely by himself. Whereas Gorbachev had the Communist Party for backing, with its crumble by 1991, Yeltsin was all alone. So without the vast party apparatus and the potent ideology that the Communist Party had provided Russians leaders, this attempt became an administrative nightmare. Therefore all that Yeltsin could do in an effort to form a lasting chain of command was to appoint presidential representatives to be his eyes and ears in the Russian territories following the coup. Yeltsin took all of these steps with the best of intentions, yet they were in too small a scale to provide any change of be of any effectiveness. This leads to the question of what Boris Yeltsin should have done. What he should have done was to scheduled new elections. The Communist Party was the rock that Russia stood upon. It’s membership declined so badly that Yeltsin banned the party in September of 1991. Yeltsin should have also worked to adopt a new constitution. Yeltsin’s memoirs told of his fears that the adoption of new elections or a constitution would only lead to another revolution, as in 1917. Yet this is simply a cowardly excuse on Yeltsin’s part, as the conditions were far from the same as some seventy years earlier. Yeltsin leads the reader to believe that he was not powerful enough to prevent such a catashphrophe. Yet despite everything that had transpired from 1990-1991, the public preferred Yeltsin to his communist opponents in parliament. These were the same men that Yeltsin was afraid of, in a time when he could have used his popularity to reappoint them with non-communist m embers who supported him and adopted a new constitution. However like many world leaders before him, he neglected to take action when it was necessary and sat idle hoping for change instead of going out and getting it. Therefore no one should feel any sympathy for Boris Yeltsin. If they should feel anything at all, pity may be more appropriate. Yeltsin should have acted to revive Russia, but instead he let its reigns slip out of his hands. There were things that he simply did not do. The steps he did take were clearly not aggressive enough. And he seemed totally oblivious to the steps that needed to be taken. What should pain any historian however is Yeltsin’s clear cut ignorance. Hindsight is the most reveling perspective that anyone can have. They can easily see what they should have done, even if at the time it was not at all clear. It is in this one opportunity then that Yeltsin could earn some respect for himself, by admitting that although it did not look like it then, today he realizes that he should have acted on new elections and a new constitution. But he only states that he would not change anything, and thus, buries his own reputation. Research Papers on Yeltsin’s Critical Inactivity - Government (300 Level Course)Appeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Quebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to AfricaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaResearch Process Part OnePersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital Punishment

Print Any Type of Document Using Delphi

Print Any Type of Document Using Delphi If your Delphi application needs to operate on various types of files, one of the tasks you might have for your application is to allow the user of the application to print a file, whatever the file type is. Most document-oriented applications, like MS Word, MS Excel or Adobe can easily print documents created in that program. For example, Microsoft Word saves the text you write in documents with DOC extension. Since Word determines what is the raw contents of a .DOC file it knows how to print .DOC files. The same applies for any known file type holding some printable information. What if you need to print various types of documents/files from your application? Can you know how to send the file to the printer in order for it to be printed correctly? Print From Delphi We can ask Windows what application can print, for example, a PDF file. Or, even better, we can tell Windows, heres one PDF file, send it to the application associated / in charge of printing PDF files. To do this, open up Windows Explorer, navigate to a directory containing some printable files. For most of the file types on your system, when you right-click a file in Windows Explorer, you will locate the Print command. Executing the Print shell command will result in the file being sent to the default printer. Well, thats exactly what we want: for a file type, call a method that will send the file to the associated application for printing. The function we are after is the ShellExecute API function. ShellExecute: Print / PrintTo However, ShellExecute can do much more. ShellExecute can be used to launch an application, open Windows Explorer, initiate a search beginning in the specified directory, and- whats of greatest interest to us- print the specified file. Specify Printer Using the above call, a document document.doc located on the root of the C drive will be sent to the Windows default printer. ShellExecute always uses the default printer for the print action. What if you need to print to a different printer, what if you want to allow the user to change the printer? The PrintTo Shell Command Before you copy and paste: the Printer global variable (TPrinter type) available in all Delphi programs can be used to manage any printing performed by an application. The printer is defined in the printers unit, ShellExecute is defined in the shellapi unit. Drop a TComboBox on a form. Name it cboPrinter. Set Style to csDropDownLidtPut the next two lines in the forms OnCreate even handler: //have available printers in the combo boxcboPrinter.Items.Assign(printer.Printers);//pre-select the default / active printercboPrinter.ItemIndex : printer.PrinterIndex; use to print any document type to a specified printer Note: some document types do not have an application associated with printing. Some do not have the printto action specified.

Administrative Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Administrative Law - Essay Example mining the grounds for judicial review and, through case law, determining when the doctrine of ultra vires has been used as well as the common law theory. It should then be possible to reach a conclusion as to which approach is more convincing. Judicial review is the method used for challenging an alleged misuse of power by a public body1. An application for judicial review can be brought by anyone who has been affected by the alleged misuse of power. In order for someone to seek a review they must be of the opinion that the public has acted ultra vires or in breach of the law of natural justice. This can be established by proving that the public body had done something for which it had no legal authority in statute or common law2. Problems occurred in the case of R (on the application of Heather) v Leonard Cheshire3 were the Court of Appeal held that the authority was not performing a public function when they made their decision, and therefore could not be subject to judicial review. Applicants for a judicial review must make an application to the High Courts for leave to be granted a judicial review. Applications must be made within 3 months from when the grievance occurred, and the applicant must have sufficient interest in a matter to which the legislation relates and it must be a public law issue. The courts have occasionally granted leave to appeal even if one of the conditions for review has not been satisfied4. Where the courts consider that the interest of the applicant is insufficient they can refuse to grant a remedy5. Before leave to appeal will be granted the courts have to be satisfied that the decision complained of was taken by a public body. In some instances the legislator can prevent the review of their decision through the utilisation of an ouster clause. Ouster clauses are rarely used and have only been allowed in cases were the legislation has been clearly worded6. There are 3 grounds under which judicial review can be sought. These are

Selective Dialkylation of a Doubly Linked Dicyclopentadiene Ligand and Research Paper

Selective Dialkylation of a Doubly Linked Dicyclopentadiene Ligand and the Ensuing Ruthenium Complexes - Research Paper Example The authors state the motivation behind such an approach as â€Å"While Ru3(CO)12 is an ideal starting material with regard to the cis to trans isomeric ratio formed around the doubly linked dicyclopentadienyl ligand, the CO ligand usually requires high heat or photolytic conditions and laborious chemicalsteps to remove it from the metal center. These chemical steps reduce the synthetic versatility of the resulting ruthenium complexes that contain a CO ligand† (Fier, et al., 2011). The paper concludes with a structure refinement of the obtained diruthenium complex which has the structural representation: Synthesis Route The reaction begins with the hydroxyl bromination of 4,4,8,8-tetramethyl-1,4,7,8-tetrahydro-s-indacene (1a; C2v symmetry) and 4,4,8,8-tetramethyl-1,4,5,8-tetrahydro-s-indacene (1b; C2h symmetry) by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), NH4OAc and H2O/ Acetone. The dehydration of the resulting compound was done under anaerobic conditions in the presence of p-TsOH.H2O to yie ld the compounds 2 a,b. Reaction of 2a,b with MeMgBr in the presence of Ni-(dppf)Br2 (dppf = 1,1?-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) gave (C5H3Me)2(CMe2)2 (3a,b) in 31% yield. However, it was found that this compound 3 a,b did not react very well with RuCl3.3H20. Adding a bulkier alkyl group could lead to a specific 2,6 bonding making advantage of stearic repulsion with the methyl groups in the 4,8 position. Thus, the first reaction was modified to yield: Reaction of 4a,b with RuCl3 ·3H2O in MeOH (140  °C,15 min) gives a green-black heterogeneous mixture, with filtration of the mixture yielding a dark purple-black solid which was found to be diamagnetic. A subsequent X-ray crystallographic study of the new compound showed it to be the half-sandwich complex cis-{(?5-C5H2-(t-Bu))2(CMe2)2}Ru2(?-Cl)2Cl2 (5), containing RuII / RuII metal centers. The preferred way to synthesize 5 is to bypass the filtration and isolation step of the purple intermediate and to just remove the MeOH solve nt from the crude reactionmixture, add CHCl3, and heat to 80  °C for 15 min to give 5 in 28% yield (Scheme 2). The Structure of 5 shows a Ru?Ru single bond with a bond length of 2.7057(3) A, which would explain the diamagnetic nature of 5. Evidence for the RuII/RuII core is provided by the dissolution of the purple solid in MeCN to form cis-[{(?5-C5H2(t-Bu))2(CMe2)2}Ru2(MeCN)4(?-Cl)]+ (6), Complex 6 can also be synthesized by the reduction of 5 using Zn dust in MeCN and isolated in 62% yield (Scheme 3) The authors have successfully alkylated the 2,6-positions of the doubly linked dicyclopentadiene ligand 1a,b with either Me or tertbutylgroups. When the alkyl groups are tert-butyl groups, the resulting ligand reacts with RuCl3 ·3H2O to yield 5, the doubly linked analogue of [CpRuCl2]2 and [Cp*RuCl2]2. 5 can be reduced with Zn in MeCN to yield 6, an acetonitrile complex with a bridging chloro ligand. The bridging chloro ligand in 6 can be removed by the addition of AgOTf to yield 7, a ruthenium complex containing only the doubly linked dicyclopentadienyland acetonitrile ligands. Chin, R. M., Simonson, A., Mauldin, J., & Criswell, J. (2010). Organometallics , 29 (17), 3868?3875. Fier, P.

Plantation Mistress Essay Example for Free

Plantation Mistress Essay In the book, â€Å"Plantation Mistress† (Clinton, 1984) by author Catherine Clinton, it seems that Clinton desires to express her disapproval for the manner in which women were treated so harshly.   She talks about maids brought to our country during the year 1620 and in Clinton’s writing, it is extremely interesting how she gathered her information for this book from letters that were written so many years ago, and even from diaries, suggesting that women from that ancient time period weren’t treated as equals in the deep South and in this slave era and time in our history, the author relays to her readers that there is evidence that cruelty did take place toward women and practices such as using females as workhorses shouldn’t have been acceptable in any time period. Also, many of these women referred to as mistresses weren’t taken care of properly and didn’t even receive the necessary and basic essentials, such as proper toiletries or food. They were treated like second class citizens and weren’t considered as good as men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We gather a   new appreciation for maids as we read Clinton’s writing and feel regret for those who had to suffer because of neglect and misunderstanding. Clinton teaches us that all humans were created as equals and all women and the slaves from that same time period were regarded less than human.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It’s interesting to be able to read some of those old letters that were written so many years ago so that we have a greater appreciation for women who lived on these plantations in the deep South.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REFERENCE PAGE Clinton, Catherine. (1984). Plantation Mistress. Pantheon.

Job Study on the Australian Air Force :: essays research papers

JOB STUDY Training and Advancement 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Are there any educational or other qualifications your employer would expect for the job you are doing? Following appointment as an Officer in the Air Force, you'll undergo an Initial Officer Course (IOC) at the Officer Training School, RAAF Base Williams (Point Cook) 20 km south west of Melbourne, Victoria. This course aims to teach you the leadership skills needed to become an Air Force Officer. The course is a combination of theory and practical training. While leadership forms the core of your training, the major elements of the course are designed to introduce you to military life, Air Force values and attitudes, personal development, organisational management, communication skills, general and specific military skills, security, drill and Air Force operations studies. Not only will you be taught Air Force specific subjects, but you'll also take part in a wide variety of subjects such as ground defence training, where you'll be taught weapons handling, field craft, communications, defences, patrolling, various types of warfare and the Rules of Engagement. A reasonable level of fitness is required for entry, however any active person who spends some of their time exercising or playing competitive sport should not have difficulty meeting the standards. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Would you have to do a special course of study? An Australian Defence Force Careers Adviser says that officer applicants must demonstrate excellent leadership, management, organisational and communication skills, and be highly disciplined and fit. Everyone who completes officer training is guaranteed a job in the RAAF. Due to the high level of training that is involved, a minimum service period of 6 to 12 years is required. During training, ADFA first year cadets earn about $16,000, which increases to $25,000 in the fourth year. Once fully qualified, salaries range from $40,270 up to $63,249. Airforce pilots and navigators are entitled to a flying allowance, which is based on years of qualified flying service and is added to the base salary. The starting salary for direct entry officer cadets (non degree qualified) is $23,692 and $25,185 for qualified officers. Options For Potential Officers There are two pathways you can take to become an officer in the RAAF. You can go into the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) as a University level entrant, but you must have completed Year 12 and be between the age of 17 and 26. Not only are you paid to study at ADFA, but also you are immediately employed as an officer in the RAAF.

Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality

Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality PSY250 As research into personality progressed, scientists began to look beyond psychoanalysis and trait theories for other explanations into how personality develops. They started to look at the biological factors that influence personality formation (Hans Eysenck, Jeffrey Gray, Sir Francis Galton (genetic study of twins)), the effect of growth needs on personality formation (Abraham Maslow), and the basic aspects of the humanistic personality theory and how it compares to the biological explanation of personality formation (Eric Fromm, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow). These topics will be considered in more detail in the following discussion. Although environment plays a part in personality, genes also make significant contributions. Some genetic disorders, such as Angelman or Williams syndrome are characterized by excessive happiness and friendliness. Biological aspects of a person’s temperament, such as introversion/extroversion, actively, and impulsively, also help shape the personality. Studies of identical twins have shown that twins separated at birth and raised in different environments still share many personality traits. Therefore, we are not simply blank slates totally influenced by what our environment writes on us. Responses to certain environmental stimuli seem to be hard-wired into our nervous system and endocrine systems. Electroencephalograms (EEG) have shown that, at a very basic level, extroverts show less arousal to stimulation then introverts do. Hans Eysenck theorized that because of this low level of arousal, extroverts seek out stimulating circumstances while introverts, who may be receiving too much stimulation from the environment, try to â€Å"get away from it all† by shying away from stimulating environments. Differences in activation of the brain’s hemispheres may also effect personality formation. Greater activation of the right hemisphere, which is believed to have a role in negative emotions, may cause over reaction to negative stimuli. On the other hand, higher activation of the left hemisphere, thought to play a role in positive emotions, could result in more powerful reactions to positive stimuli. Jeffrey Gray proposed the idea that our nervous systems may be responsible for influencing whether we are more motivated by punishment or reward. Disruption in the function of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin can also effect personality. Will Sheldon expanded on Ernest Kretschmer’s ideas that body type might be connected to certain mental disorders and applied them to the general population. Sheldon developed three body types and associated personality characteristics: mesomorphs – muscular, large-boned; athletic, ectomorphs – slender; studious, and endomorphs – roly-poly; good-natured. Sheldon’s ideas were too simplistic, but it might be possible that certain biological factors could affect both personality and body type. Social influences may affect body type, which may in turn affect how others react. Both aspects can influence personality development. â€Å"A stable personality depends on a healthy, well-functional brain† ( was this supposed to be cited) Certain diseases and disorders can change can change or destroy one’s personality. Strokes damage part of the brain and can cause a dramatic change in personality. Pick’s disease also causes deterioration of the brain. It may cause a marked change in in a person’s beliefs or preferences. Alzheimer’s disease, as the disease becomes advanced, seems to result in total loss of personality. Postpartum depression is triggered by a biological process. Severe, untreated symptoms may include hallucinations, delusions, and persistent disturbing thoughts of suicide, being possessed, or harming the infant. Environmental toxins, such as mercury, and both legal and illegal drugs, including Valium, Prozac, cocaine, and herion, can result in biological changes to the body that may temporarily or permanently alter personality. Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Theories of personalities have been studied for many decades. The biological and humanistic approaches to personality have both become infamous in studying the science behind personality. Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs because he did not believe that the conditioning theories adequately portrayed the complexity of human behavior. In analyzing both the biological and humanistic theories, one can see where Maslow may have been right in that assumption. The basic perceptions of humanistic and biological theories vary significantly. There are some basic ideas behind humanistic psychology. Humanists focus on the present rather than looking at the past or toward the future. Well individuals should take responsibility for themself; regardless of the actions and every individual possess inherent worth. Even negative actions do not negate the value of the person. The achievement of personal growth and understanding is the goal of life (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). On the other hand biological theorists believe that genetics can determine a person’s personality. Some concepts state that even if biology plays no direct role in personality, the way a person looks affects how one sees himself/herself and how others interrelate with him/her. This unintended affect controls how a person develops into adulthood. Biological viewpoints teach that intelligence and genes could define a person’s personality. Temperament and mental disorders are thought to be determined by biology. Humanistic theories seem to be generalized, though biological theories are overcomplicated. Although they are wide-ranging opposites in their concepts, together they contain the essence of personality. Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist believed that the people are not controlled by the mechanical forces which include the reinforcement and stimuli forces of behaviorism or some unconscious instinctual impulse of the psychoanalysis. He placed his main focus on what people can really do as opposed to their limitations. His hierarchy of needs has established a major precedence on which human interactions can follow so as to make sure that they achieve productive as well as agreeable outcome. The main essence is to actually prepare people for common existence with themselves and those who are around. The essence of humanistic psychology is usually similar to cognitive psychology as it does acknowledge behavior more than just a stimulus that is determined and hence recognizes perception as the actual essence of actions and behavior (Valiunas, 2012). His hierarchy of needs does represent how exactly growth ought to influence formation of personality. He developed his personality theory in relation to the needs of people. It shows the main influences of human needs to formation of their unique personalities. Maslow contemplates that each trait of human functioning conveys to a complete individual. Maslow consequently referred to these functions as the hierarchy of needs. In his theory Maslow states that there are five key categories of an individual needs. The initial category is physiological needs such as food, water, air, clothing, shelter, and sleep. Previous to realizing or achieving the needs on this level it becomes unfeasible to even consider the next category (Valiunas, 2012). The following category is related to safety, which basically assimilates the need for feeling safe and secured. The third of category in Maslow hierarchy of needs comprises the sense of belonging, needs, and love. It is rational because once an individual is secured then he/she can demand for sense of belonging and love. The next category has to do with self-esteem; it encompasses the need for education, respect, self-competence, and achievement. This is a very important level of needs to an individual’s personality; this level is where an individual focuses his/her energy to feeling proficient, they learn to respect him/her, and to respect others. According to Maslow’s theory, needs impact individual personality in a way that before they hit the highest point of need in the hierarchy one feels discouraged consequently affecting his/her personality. Individuals in the first category do not believe in themselves and be deficient in motivation in life, and tend to implicate different personality compared to those on the highest category of needs. Those on first category of needs will tend to also lack confidence in whatever they do as opposed to those who have achieved self- actualization (Valiunas, 2012). Biological factors are related to some extent with the Maslow’s hierarchy of personality because biological factors for example brains, heredity and physical characteristics are needed during the growth level. There are two biological factors that influence the formation of personality of an individual, heredity and environment factor. Inheritance of a trait is pertinent to individual's personality (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). Basically, individuals inherit a propensity towards a definite structure and propensity to function in definite ways, thus influencing the individual personality development. On the environmental factor, the contact between the mother and a child for biological fulfillment play an important function in personality growth. Care and love enhance a sense of protection and security. Humanistic theories of personality do represent an affirmative view of human behavior. Personality is usually defined as the organized as well as the dynamic set of various characteristics which are possessed by people and which influences their cognitions, behavior as well as their motivations (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). Humanistic psychology does emphasize that people do have a free will and do play active role in the determining of how exactly they tend to behave. Humanistic psychology usually focuses on the subjective experience of individuals as opposed to definitive and forced factors which determine behavior. Maslow does believe that all people who are interested in growing ought to move towards the self-actualization level of happiness and satisfaction. The psychological perspectives on expansion of personality do remain influential which comprises of humanistic perspective, isodynamic and existential perspectives, and cognitive, sociocultural and behavioral perspective (Valiunas, 2012). There are many factors that determine our personality. Some of these factors are either humanistic or biological. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and humanistic personality’s theory play a major role in the formation of one’s personality and so are the biological factors. Though humanistic and biological theories are opposites, they do comprise of the main essence of personality and the blend between these two theories creates effective results. While humanistic and biological theories have many differences and fewer similarities, both theories try to address the issues of personality and try to give a better understanding of personality traits. Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality PSY250 As research into personality progressed, scientists began to look beyond psychoanalysis and trait theories for other explanations into how personality develops. They started to look at the biological factors that influence personality formation (Hans Eysenck, Jeffrey Gray, Sir Francis Galton (genetic study of twins)), the effect of growth needs on personality formation (Abraham Maslow), and the basic aspects of the humanistic personality theory and how it compares to the biological explanation of personality formation (Eric Fromm, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow). These topics will be considered in more detail in the following discussion. Although environment plays a part in personality, genes also make significant contributions. Some genetic disorders, such as Angelman or Williams syndrome are characterized by excessive happiness and friendliness. Biological aspects of a person’s temperament, such as introversion/extroversion, actively, and impulsively, also help shape the personality. Studies of identical twins have shown that twins separated at birth and raised in different environments still share many personality traits. Therefore, we are not simply blank slates totally influenced by what our environment writes on us. Responses to certain environmental stimuli seem to be hard-wired into our nervous system and endocrine systems. Electroencephalograms (EEG) have shown that, at a very basic level, extroverts show less arousal to stimulation then introverts do. Hans Eysenck theorized that because of this low level of arousal, extroverts seek out stimulating circumstances while introverts, who may be receiving too much stimulation from the environment, try to â€Å"get away from it all† by shying away from stimulating environments. Differences in activation of the brain’s hemispheres may also effect personality formation. Greater activation of the right hemisphere, which is believed to have a role in negative emotions, may cause over reaction to negative stimuli. On the other hand, higher activation of the left hemisphere, thought to play a role in positive emotions, could result in more powerful reactions to positive stimuli. Jeffrey Gray proposed the idea that our nervous systems may be responsible for influencing whether we are more motivated by punishment or reward. Disruption in the function of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin can also effect personality. Will Sheldon expanded on Ernest Kretschmer’s ideas that body type might be connected to certain mental disorders and applied them to the general population. Sheldon developed three body types and associated personality characteristics: mesomorphs – muscular, large-boned; athletic, ectomorphs – slender; studious, and endomorphs – roly-poly; good-natured. Sheldon’s ideas were too simplistic, but it might be possible that certain biological factors could affect both personality and body type. Social influences may affect body type, which may in turn affect how others react. Both aspects can influence personality development. â€Å"A stable personality depends on a healthy, well-functional brain† ( was this supposed to be cited) Certain diseases and disorders can change can change or destroy one’s personality. Strokes damage part of the brain and can cause a dramatic change in personality. Pick’s disease also causes deterioration of the brain. It may cause a marked change in in a person’s beliefs or preferences. Alzheimer’s disease, as the disease becomes advanced, seems to result in total loss of personality. Postpartum depression is triggered by a biological process. Severe, untreated symptoms may include hallucinations, delusions, and persistent disturbing thoughts of suicide, being possessed, or harming the infant. Environmental toxins, such as mercury, and both legal and illegal drugs, including Valium, Prozac, cocaine, and herion, can result in biological changes to the body that may temporarily or permanently alter personality.

Phishing Attack

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In the field of computer security, Phishing is the criminally fraudulent process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Phishing is a fraudulent e-mail that attempts to get you to divulge personal data that can then be used for illegitimate purposes. There are many variations on this scheme. It is possible to Phish for other information in additions to usernames and passwords such as credit card numbers, bank account numbers, social security numbers and mothers’ maiden names. Phishing presents direct risks through the use of stolen credentials and indirect risk to institutions that conduct business on line through erosion of customer confidence. The damage caused by Phishing ranges from denial of access to e-mail to substantial financial loss. [pic] Fig 1. 1 the simplified flow of information in a Phishing attack 1. A deceptive message is sent from the Phishers to the user. 2. A user provides confidential information to a Phishing server (normally after some interaction with the server). 3. The Phishers obtains the confidential information from the server. 4. The confidential information is used to impersonate the user. 5. The Phishers obtains illicit monetary gain. Steps 3 and 5 are of interest primarily to law enforcement personnel to identify and prosecute Phishers. The discussion of technology countermeasures will center on ways to disrupt steps 1, 2 and 4, as well as related technologies outside the information flow proper. CHAPTER 2 PHISHING TECHNIQUES Phishers use a wide variety of techniques, with one common thread. LINK MANIPULATION Most methods of Phishing use some form of technical deception designed to make a link in an e-mail appear to belong to the spoofed organization. Misspelled URLs or the use of sub domains are common tricks used by Phishers. In the following example, http://www. yourbank. example. com/, it appears as though the URL will take you to the example section of the yourbank website; actually this URL points to the â€Å"yourbank† (i. e. Phishing) section of the example website. An old method of spoofing used links containing the ‘@' symbol, originally intended as a way to include a username and password. For example, http://www. oogle. [email  protected] tripod. com/ might deceive a casual observer into believing that it will open a page on www. google. com, whereas it actually directs the browser to a page on members. tripod. com, using a username of www. google. com: the page opens normally, regardless of the username supplied. 1 2 FILTER EVASION Phishers have used images ins tead of text to make it harder for anti-Phishing filters to detect text commonly used in Phishing e-mails. WEBSITE FORGERY Once a victim visits the Phishing website the deception is not over. Some Phishing scams use JavaScript commands in order to alter the address bar. This is done either by placing a picture of a legitimate URL over the address bar, or by closing the original address bar and opening a new one with the legitimate URL. [pic] Fig 2. 1 An website which does not shows real address bar PHONE PHISHING Messages that claimed to be from a bank told users to dial a phone number regarding problems with their bank accounts. Once the phone number (owned by the Phishers) was dialed, prompts told users to enter their account numbers and PIN. Vishing (voice Phishing) sometimes uses fake caller-ID data to give the appearance that calls come from a trusted organization. pic] Fig 2. 2 How Phishing Attack can take place CHAPTER 3 REASONS OF PHISHING Let's consider some of the reasons people fall victim to Phishing scams. TRUST OF AUTHORITY When a Phishing email arrives marked as â€Å"High Priority† that threatens to close our bank account unless we update our data immediately, it engages the same authority response mechanisms that we've obeyed for millennia. In our modern culture, the old markers of authority – physical strength, aggressiveness, ruthlessness – have largely given way to signs of economic power. â€Å"He's richer than I am, so he must be a better man†. If you equate market capitalization with GDP then Bank of America is the 28th most powerful country in the world. If you receive a personal email purported to come from BOA questioning the validity of your account data, you will have a strong compulsion to respond, and respond quickly. TEXTUAL AND GRAPHIC PRESENTATION LACKS TRADITIONAL CLUES OF VALIDITY Most people feel that they can tell an honest man by looking him in the eye. You can spot a â€Å"professional† panhandler before he gets to the fourth word in his spiel. Without clues from the verbal and physical realms, our ability to determine the validity of business transactions is diminished. This is a cornerstone of the direct mail advertising business. If a piece of mail resembles some type of official correspondence, you are much more likely to open it. Car dealers send sales flyers in manila envelopes stamped â€Å"Official Business† that look like the envelopes tax refund checks are mailed in. Banks send credit card offers in large cardboard envelopes that are almost indistinguishable from FedEx overnight packages. Political advertisements are adorned with all manner of patriotic symbols to help us link the candidate with our nationalistic feelings. E-MAIL AND WEB PAGES CAN LOOK REAL The use of symbols laden with familiarity and repute lends legitimacy (or the illusion of legitimacy) to information—whether accurate or fraudulent—that is placed on the imitating page. Deception is possible because the symbols that represent a trusted company are no more ‘real' than the symbols that are reproduced for a fictitious company. Certain elements of dynamic web content can be difficult to copy directly but are often easy enough to fake, especially when 100% accuracy is not required. Email messages are usually easier to replicate than web pages since their elements are predominately text or static HTML and associated images. Hyperlinks are easily subverted since the visible tag does not have to match the URL that your click will actually redirect your browser to. The link can look like http://bankofamerica. com/login but the URL could actually link to http://bankofcrime. com/got_your_login CHAPTER 4 ANTI PHISHING TECHNIQUES To counter the phishing threat, a number of anti-phishing solutions have been proposed, both by industry and academic world. The anti phishing techniques can in general be divided into three categories. 1. Spam Filters 2. Anti-phishing tool bars and 3. Password protection mechanism Spam Filters A class of anti-phishing approaches aims to solve the phishing problem at the email level. The key idea is that when a phishing email does not reach its victims, they cannot fall for the scam. Hence, filters and content analysis techniques are often used to attempt to identify phishing emails before these emails are delivered to users. Clearly, this line of research is closely related to anti-spam research [10]. By continuously training filters (e. g. , Bayesian filters), a large number of phishing emails can be blocked. This is because such emails often contain words that may be identified as suspicious tokens that do not frequently occur in legitimate emails (e. g. , ? update? , ? login? , etc. ). The main disadvantage of anti-spam techniques is that their success depends on the availability of these filters and their proper training. That is, when the user does not actively help in training the filter, the filter typically does not perform as expected. Furthermore, even when filters are trained well and a user rarely receives any spam or phishing emails, once a phishing email bypasses the filter, the user’s belief of the legitimacy of this mail is strengthened. Anti-Phishing Toolbars To identify a page as a phishing site, there are a variety of methods that can be used, such as white lists (lists of known safe sites), blacklists (lists of known fraudulent sites), various heuristics to see if a URL is similar to a well-known URL, and community ratings. The toolbars examined here employ different combinations of these methods. By using publicly available information provided on the toolbar download web sites as well as observations from using each toolbar we get a basic understanding of how each toolbar functions. Some of the toolbars that are used for anti-phishing are 1) eBay Toolbar The eBay Toolbar uses a combination of heuristics and blacklists. The toolbar also gives users the ability to report phishing sites, which will then be verified before being blacklisted. 2) GeoTrust TrustWatch Toolbar GeoTrust’s web site provides no information about how TrustWatch determines if a site is fraudulent; however, it is suspect that the company ompiles a blacklist that includes sites reported by users through a button provided on the toolbar. 3) Google Safe Browsing Google provides the source code for the Safe Browsing feature and says that it checks URLs against a blacklist 4) McAfee SiteAdvisor SiteAdvisor claims to detect not just phishing websites, but any sites that send spam, offer downloads containi ng spyware, or engage in other similar bad practices. The determination is made by a combination of automated heuristics and manual verification. 5) Microsoft Phishing Filter in Windows Internet Explorer This toolbar largely relies on a blacklist hosted by Microsoft. However, it also uses some heuristics when it encounters a site that is not in the blacklist. Users also have the option of using this feature to report suspected phishing sites 6) Netcraft Anti-Phishing Toolbar The Netcraft toolbar also uses a blacklist, which consists of fraudulent sites identified by Netcraft as well as sites submitted by users and verified by the company. The toolbar also displays a risk rating between one and ten as well as the hosting location of the site. [pic] Fig 4. 1 Netcraft Anti-Phishing Toolbar ) Netscape Browser 8. 1 It appears that the functionality of Netscape Browser relies solely on a blacklist, which is maintained by AOL and updated frequently. When a suspected phishing site is encountered, the user is redirected to a built-in warning page. Users are shown the original URL and are asked whether or not they would like to proceed. 8) Spoofguard Spoofguard does not use white lists or blac klists. Instead, the toolbar employs a series of heuristics to identify phishing pages. 9) AntiPhish AntiPhish is an academic solution which keeps track of where sensitive information is being submitted to. 0) Dynamic security skins Dynamic security skins is also an academis solution which allow a remote server to prove its identity in a way that is easy for humans to verify. Most of the tools that were tested used blacklists, but only half of them were able to identify the majority of phishing web sites. We don’t know the size of the blacklists used by each toolbar, nor do we know what heuristics are used by any of the toolbars other than Spoofguard. We suspect that the toolbars that performed best use larger and more frequently updated black lists. They may also use heuristics that allow them to detect phishing sites that haven’t yet been put on the blacklist. The only toolbar known to make no use of blacklists was Spoofguard. While it was able to identify the majority of phishing sites using only heuristics, it still missed some phishing sites and it had a very high false positive rate. Spoofguard could potentially be improved through the use of a whitelist, which would prevent the problems that occurred when phishing sites were visited before their corresponding legitimate sites. The whitelist would not necessarily need to be extremely large or updated frequently to be effective. Password Protection Mechanism A password is a secret word or string of characters that is used for authentication, to prove identity or gain access to a resource. The password should be kept secret from those who are not allowed for access. So, the major concern for any user is to safeguard his/her password. The password can be cracked with the attacks such as Guessing attack, Brute-force attack, Dictionary attack, Phishing attack etc. ,. Another problem regarding password is single password problem where the user uses a single password for both vulnerable sites and financial sites. The hackers can break into the vulnerable sites that simply stores username and password and apply those retrieved combination of username and password on high security sites such as banking sites. All these problems at a single stroke can be solved by hashing the master password using domain name as key on client side. Some of the applications/tools that use this powerful technique are 1) Password Composer This extension [25] puts a tiny red icon to the left of a password entry field. If one clicks on this icon, the password field is overlaid with a replacement input, where one can supply a single, secure password (Master Password). 2) Magic Password Generator This extension combines master password and the domain name of the site to make another unique password for that site. For advanced users, with a catchall address at a domain, just put â€Å"@example. com† (whatever one’s domain is) for the address, and MPWGen will make a different email for every site too. Alternately, use â€Å"[email  protected]†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and the value will be inserted after the + sign, for email accounts that support this feature, like gmail. ) Password generator Password Generator gets the hostname from the page's URL and mixes it together with one’s personal master password using a little cryptographic magic MD5. It always gets the same result if given that hostname and master password, but will never get that result if either changes. 4) Hassapass Hasspass automatically generates strong passwords from a master password and a parameter like domain name. The password generation is performed inside this very browser window in JavaScript 5) Genpass GenPass is a JavaScript/MD5 bookmarklet-based password generator. GenPass is no longer being updated. Presently consider using SuperGenPass; however, note that SuperGenPass is not compatible with GenPass—given the same input, they generate different passwords. 6) Password Hasher When the master key is given to Password Hasher and it enters the hash word into the site's password field. A hash word is the result of scrambling the master key with a site tag. Click on a # marker next to a password field or press the Control-F6 key combination when in a password field or choose Password Hasher from either the Tools menu or the right-click popup menu on a password field to enter the master key. ) Pwdhash Pwdhash is a browser extension that transparently converts a user's password into a domain-specific password. The user can activate this hashing by choosing passwords that start with a special prefix (@@) or by pressing a special password key (F2). Pwdhash automatically replaces the contents of these password fields with a one-way hash of the pair (password, domain-name). Based on t he features like application type, hashing algorithm, security, password strength, spoof proof, visibility to webpage, visibility to user etc. Pwdhash is the best among the above mentioned applications. But some of its disadvantages are as follows a) Invisible to user – Password hashing done by Pwdhash is invisible to user. If this extension stops working, user will not know about this, i. e. , passwords will not be hashed. b) Visibility of activation to webpage – Webpage gets the intimation about the activation of Pwdhash. This made Pwdhash vulnerable for JavaScript attacks. So webpage can put some efforts to know the original master password. ) Password availability as plain text – The master password is directly filled in password field given by webpage. i. e. , password is available in plain text. d) Easily spoof-able – As activation is visible to webpage and by using Alex’s corner method it is very easy to know the master password of user by f ake webpage. e) Affect on others / Affecting webpage – Pwdhash have some side-effects on websites. Any JavaScript attached with password fields will not work properly. For ex. keyPress event will not work properly. f) Not secure – Finally, Pwdhash is not looking so secured. CHAPTER 5 ANTI-PHISHING There are several different techniques to combat Phishing, including legislation and technology created specifically to protect against Phishing. SOCIAL RESPONSES One strategy for combating Phishing is to train people to recognize Phishing attempts, and to deal with them. Education can be effective, especially where training provides direct feedback. One newer Phishing tactic, which uses Phishing e-mails targeted at a specific company, known as Spear Phishing, has been harnessed to train individuals at various locations. People can take steps to avoid Phishing attempts by slightly modifying their browsing habits. When contacted about an account needing to be â€Å"verified† (or any other topic used by Phishers), it is a sensible precaution to contact the company from which the e-mail apparently originates to check that the e-mail is legitimate. Alternatively, the address that the individual knows is the company's genuine website can be typed into the address bar of the browser, rather than trusting any hyperlinks in the suspected Phishing message. Nearly all legitimate e-mail messages from companies to their customers contain an item of information that is not readily available to Phishers. Some companies, for example PayPal, always address their customers by their username in e-mails, so if an e-mail addresses the recipient in a generic fashion (â€Å"Dear PayPal customer†) it is likely to be an attempt at Phishing. E-mails from banks and credit card companies often include partial account numbers. However, recent research has shown that the public do not typically distinguish between the first few digits and the last few digits of an account number—a significant problem since the first few digits are often the same for all clients of a financial institution. People can be trained to have their suspicion aroused if the message does not contain any specific personal information. Phishing attempts in early 2006, however, used personalized information, which makes it unsafe to assume that the presence of personal information alone guarantees that a message is legitimate. Furthermore, another recent study concluded in part that the presence of personal information does not significantly affect the success rate of Phishing attacks, which suggests that most people do not pay attention to such details. The Anti-Phishing Working Group, an industry and law enforcement association has suggested that conventional Phishing techniques could become obsolete in the future as people are increasingly aware of the social engineering techniques used by Phishers. They predict that Pharming and other uses of malware will become more common tools for stealing information. TECHNICAL RESPONSES Anti-Phishing measures have been implemented as features embedded in browsers, as extensions or toolbars for browsers, and as part of website login procedures. The following are some of the main approaches to the problem. Helping to identify legitimate sites Most Phishing websites are secure websites, meaning that SSL with strong cryptography is used for server authentication, where the website's URL is used as identifier. The problem is that users often do not know or recognize the URL of the legitimate sites they intend to connect to, so that the authentication becomes meaningless. A condition for meaningful server authentication is to have a server identifier that is meaningful to the user. Simply displaying the domain name for the visited website as some some anti-Phishing toolbars do is not sufficient. A better approach is the pet name extension for Firefox which lets users type in their own labels for websites, so they can later recognize when they have returned to the site. If the site is not recognized, then the software may either warn the user or block the site outright. This represents user-centric identity management of server identities. Some suggest that a graphical image selected by the user is better than a pet name Browsers alerting users to fraudulent websites Another popular approach to fighting Phishing is to maintain a list of known Phishing sites and to check websites against the list. Microsoft's IE7 browser, Mozilla Firefox 2. 0, and Opera all contain this type of anti-Phishing measure. Firefox 2 uses Google anti-Phishing software. Some implementations of this approach send the visited URLs to a central service to be checked, which has raised concerns about privacy. To mitigate the problem of Phishing sites impersonating a victim site by embedding its images (such as logos), several site owners have altered the images to send a message to the visitor that a site may be fraudulent. The image may be moved to a new filename and the original permanently replaced, or a server can detect that the image was not requested as part of normal browsing, and instead send a warning image. Augmenting password logins The Bank of America's website is one of several that ask users to select a personal image, and display this user-selected image with any forms that request a password. Users of the bank's online services are instructed to enter a password only when they see the image they selected. However, a recent study suggests few users refrain from entering their password when images are absent. In addition, this feature (like other forms of two-factor authentication) is susceptible to other attacks. Security skins are a related technique that involves overlaying a user-selected image onto the login form as a visual cue that the form is legitimate. Unlike the website-based image schemes, however, the image itself is shared only between the user and the browser, and not between the user and the website. The scheme also relies on a mutual authentication protocol, which makes it less vulnerable to attacks that affect user-only authentication schemes. 1 Eliminating Phishing mail Specialized spam filters can reduce the number of Phishing e-mails that reach their addressees' inboxes. These approaches rely on machine learning and natural language processing approaches to classify Phishing e-mails. 2 Monitoring and takedown Several companies offer banks and other organizations likely to suffer from Phishing scams round-the-clock services to monitor, analyze and assist in shutting down Phishing websites. Individuals can contribute by reporting Phishing to both volunteer and industry groups, such as PhishTank. LEGAL RESPONSES On January 26, 2004, the U. S. Federal Trade Commission filed the first lawsuit against a suspected Phisher. The defendant, a Californian teenager, allegedly created a webpage designed to look like the America Online website, and used it to steal credit card information. In the United States, Senator Patrick Leahy introduced the Anti-Phishing Act of 2005. Companies have also joined the effort to crack down on Phishing. CHAPTER 6 HOW ANTI-PHISHING SOFTWARE WORKS Anti-phishing software consists of computer programs that attempt to identify phishing content contained in websites and e-mail. It is often integrated with web browsers and email clients as a toolbar that displays the real domain name for the website the viewer is visiting, in an attempt to prevent fraudulent websites from masquerading as other legitimate web sites. Anti-phishing functionality may also be included as a built-in capability of some web browsers Common phishing tactics take advantage of a visitor by requesting them to link out to another site, asking that the enter personal information and passwords, or redirecting them to another site completely for registration. The process usually begins by sending out a forged e-mail that looks like it was sent from the company. Some tactics include saying an account has expired and needs to be updated, or has experienced unauthorized use and needs to be verified. Many banking and financial institutions become targets for these types of scams, and they can be a considerable threat to millions of account holders and users. Many leading web browsers and software programs have realized the impact of this trend, and have created programs that can limit the frequency of these types of scams. Micirosoft Windows Internet Explorer 7, Firefox 2. 0, Google Safe Browsing, and Earthlink ScamBlocker are just a few programs that have reduced the risks involved. In Firefox 2. 0, Phishing Protection is always turned on and checks the sites automatically for any potential risks or hazards. The list is reviewed on a regular basis, and can be configured to Firefox Security settings for maximum control. When Phishing Protection in enabled, the sites are downloaded into a list and checked for any anti-phishing services. A warning sign will appear if any suspicious activity is detected. The Netcraft toolbar makes use of a risk rating system, allowing you the option of entering a password (or not). TrustWatch makes the Internet Explorer toolbar, and can help validate a Web site and provide a site report when needed. This option also allows you to review all suspected sites and find out which ones use SSL technology. Earthlink Toolbar with ScamBlocker will verify any popup messages that you may encounter as you visit a site, and can help you find out all the details on current phishing scams. Anti-phishing software is designed to track websites and monitor activity; any suspicious behaviour can be automatically reported, and even reviewed as a report after a period of time. Anti-phishing toolbars can help protect your privacy and reduce the risk of landing at a false or insecure URL. Although some people have concerns over how valuabe anti-phishing software and toolbars may be, security threats can be reduced considerably when they are managed by the browser program. Other companies that are trained in computer security are investigating other ways to report phishing issues; programs are being designed that can analyze web addresses for fraudulent behavior through new tactics, and cross-checking domain names for validity. The best and in most using Anti-Phishing Software is Netcraft Anti-Phishing Toolbar Netcraft is an Internet Services Company located in the United Kingdom and is devoted to tracking online technology. Additionally, Netcraft has actively taken up the sole of patrolling the cyberspace to sniff out phishing emails. The antiphising toolbar from Netcraft not only protects you and your savings from phishing attacks but also lets you check the hosting location and Risk Rating of every site you visit. Once you download and install the toolbar, you join a giant neighbourhood watch scheme whose most alert and most expert members defend everyone in the community against phishing frauds. This antiphishing group working to protect you is one of the finest ways to fight phishing. This could be downloaded through internet [pic] [pic] Fig 6. 1 Downloading Netcraft anti-phishing tool bar CHAPTER 7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING ANTI-PHISHING Advantages †¢ Protect your savings from Phishing attacks. †¢ When a Phishing website or phishing email appears it will informs to the user. †¢ Some Anti-Phishing software's also allows seeing the hosting location and Risk Rating of every site you visit. †¢ Anti-phishing software is designed to track websites and monitor activity; any suspicious behavior can be automatically reported and even reviewed as a report after a period of time Disadvantages †¢ No single technology will completely stop phishing. So Phishing attacks can not be completely stopped †¢ Even Anti-Phishing software's should be upgraded with respect to the Phishing attacks. CHAPTER 8 FEW SNAPSHOTS OF PHISHING WEBSITES [pic] Fig 8. 1 Phishing Peoples Bank Web site [pic] [pic] Fig 8. 2 Phishing US Bank Web site CONCLUSION No single technology will completely stop phishing. However, a combination of good organization and practice, proper application of current technologies, and improvements in security technology has the potential to drastically reduce the prevalence of phishing and the losses suffered from it. In particular: High-value targets should follow best practices and keep in touch with continuing evolution of them. Phishing attacks can be detected rapidly through a combination of customer reportage, bounce monitoring, image use monitoring, honeypots and other techniques. Email authentication technologies such as Sender-ID and cryptographic signing, when widely deployed, have the potential to prevent phishing emails from reaching users. Analysis of imagery is a promising area of future research to identify phishing emails. Personally identifiable information should be included in all email communications. Systems allowing the user to enter or select customized text and/or imagery are particularly promising. Browser security upgrades, such as distinctive display of potentially deceptive content and providing a warning when a potentially unsafe link is selected, could substantially reduce the efficacy of phishing attacks. Anti-phishing toolbars are promising tools for identifying phishing sites and heightening security when a potential phishing site is detected. Detection of outgoing confidential information, including password hashing, is a promising area of future work, with some technical challenges. BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] http://en. wikipedia. org/ [2] http://webopedia. com/ [3] http://computerworld. com/ [4] http://www. anti-phishing. info/ [5] http://lorrie. cranor. org/ ———————– Not the real address bar Not the proper domain for peoples. com